Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects between 5% to 10% of women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of infertility. The typical symptoms include irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism (excess hair growth in a male pattern), and weight gain.
Symptoms
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Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of periods
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Excess androgen (male hormone) levels leading to hirsutism (excess facial or body hair), acne, and male-pattern baldness.
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Polycystic ovaries detected via ultrasound.
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Insulin resistance or elevated insulin levels, often leading to weight gain and difficulty losing weight.
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Mood changes, such as depression and anxiety
Causes
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The exact cause of PCOS is unknown but likely involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
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Insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels are common in people with PCOS and may contribute to the hormonal imbalances.
Diagnosis
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Diagnosis is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, blood tests (to measure hormone levels), and ultrasound imaging of the ovaries.
Treatment
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Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
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Lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, are often recommended to manage weight and improve insulin sensitivity.
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Medications may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and improve fertility if desired.
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Psychological support and counseling may be beneficial to manage emotional and mental health challenges associated with PCOS.
Complications
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Infertility: Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation or absent periods.
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Metabolic Syndrome: Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
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Endometrial Cancer: Due to irregular periods and unopposed estrogen exposure.